1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
HCL-453:      1200
 :    : 100
:        , -       
.                
-
1. ''      ? 1200        
   
2.              
-
3.               ?
4.           ?  
-
5.             
2
Easy2Siksha
6.               
 
-
7.       -       
8.                

3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
HCL-453:      1200
 :    : 100
:        , -       
.                
-
1. ''      ? 1200        
   
:    - (1450-1708)
  ,     ,   '   ,   ,  
                
     ,     ,     
 
   
 : 16
           
               
       
      :       (1469-1539),   
  ,    (1666-1708) ,      
        1699      
      ,         '
  
   :  ,   '       
         ,      
            
4
Easy2Siksha
   
   :        ,   
,    '          -
       
 :             
  ,     ,       
     
 :  -      
  ,      
     

     (1450-1708)
1.    (1526):            
 
2.       (1469-1539):         
              
3.       (1606):       
        
4.    (1699):            
   ,        '  
   
1708 ,  ,              
              ,     
   

HCL-450:   1200      
      -
1200  ,   -         ,  
             , -
         
  (1500 BC  600 BC)
:    ,      "" (
)     '  
5
Easy2Siksha
  :  ()  -      "" 
""        ,    

 
 :          ()
              

     (600 ..  200 ..)
16 :6
   ,   16   
,   ,     
 : ,   ,       
        
 :           
,        
  (322 BC - 185 BC):        ,
          '   
        '    , 
     
     (200 .. - 300 .)
   :      ,      
     '  ,       
-    :       ,  
            , 
    .
  (. 300-600)
   :           
,  ,      
 :   ,        
,    ,      ,   
      
 :      ()    , 
   
         
6
Easy2Siksha
   (. 606-647)
 :      ,        
               
 '           
 :            ,  
        
 
   (. 600-1200)
,   :       -  
 ,        
o :   ,        
 ,   ()        
o :            , 
           
o :          
       
 (. 700-1200):           
        ,      
             
       
   
1. :  ,        
       -     
2. :       ,      
     
3. :  ,           
 ()       ,   1200 .

1200  ,            , 
                 
    ,   ',        ' ,    
      '  
      1200      
  1450-1708 .         
7
Easy2Siksha
            ,    
  !
2.              
:               

          
 
  :          
         -     
 ,   
            
:  ( )        ,   
        
        
      ,      
       
  : ""       
   ,             
               

  :   '    ,   
              
 
  :           
  -    ,     
    
    :
             
              
              
8
Easy2Siksha
2.         (c. 1000 BCE - 500 BCE)
    ,            
     ,       ,   
 
  :              
   
  ,       
  
  :           
       ,      

:             
      ,         
      
 
 :          
      
      
     
      :
      
  ,    
          
3.       (c. 500 BCE - 200 CE)
 ,         ,      
   
 
 :   ,      
 ,             
   ,   ,    '   
  :      ' -      
          ' ,       
              
      
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Easy2Siksha
  
:            
                  
 
 :             
  ,       
    :
      ,          
   
   ,     '    
          
4.        (c. 200 BCE - 300 CE)
     (. 322-185  )  -     
      
 
 :          
       ,     ,
    
 :   (   )        
   '   , ,     
 '       ,        .
  
 :      ,      
  -         
 
 :         ,   
                
   , ,         
    
     :
                
   
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Easy2Siksha
            
          ,     
 
5.   (c. 320 - 550 CE)    
            ,  
       
 
  :-          
                 
               
    :         
,             
  
  
-:  -      ,    
   ,            

:           
  '             
     (       )    
 ,      

   
 :    -      
    ,           
    
 
   :     
             
   
    :
         , -    
          
11
Easy2Siksha
 -        ,      
  

        ,        - 
          ,     
,                , 
        
  ,       ,  -   
        ,       ,
  ,            , 
                
 
 
-
3.               ?
:    
      -   ,       1500
               
 ,          ,  - 
         
-    
-                
    , ,           ,
             
       -  -     ,
        
12
Easy2Siksha
   -          
    ,    ,         
    '     
   
    ,            
       : , ,      
             
1.  (   )
            ,   1500-1200 .. 
  (   ),  (  ),    (     )
 -            '  
    ,  ,          
           ,     
              
 
2. 
     '       ,     
   -  '         
               
       
3. 
                 :
"  "  "  "       -  
   -     ,          
             
4. 
  ,            ,   
 ,     ,       
 
           
, 
         
    
          ,    
            
    
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Easy2Siksha
1.     
    ,          ,     
-  
   :
: 
,     
:   ,       
 :     (Rta)  
:   
           ,  
              
2.    
        ()   ,    ,
, ,      (  )       
      ,      ,    
      
         ,     
                
      
3.  ()  
,   ,           
            '     
       :
:    
s:   
:  .
: :   
       
        
           
4.   (RTA)  
 Rta    ,         
 ,     
        
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Easy2Siksha
,   '  ,             
  ,           
Rta        ,        , ,
    
 
5.   
               
                  
               
   ,          

6.   ( )
        ,         
      ,          
                  
  ,      ,    ,     
    
7.  - ' 
   -   '  ,      -, 
  (), ,      '     -
            
 
     
-   ,         
    ( 1000-500 ..) ,       , 
    ,      
1.    
   ,   '  ,        
     '  
        ,
  -   '    ( )  
( )           
 
-             
   ,       

15
Easy2Siksha
2.     
-       ,       
            ,   
         
    , ,
- ,           
3.      
                , 
         ,       
    ,          
,             
 ,             
 ,              

 ,     -           
,          
   ,
 ,      '         
          ,    
,        
4.           ?  
: ,        ,  269  232      
""  ""                
    ,              
        ,    
      
    ""              
           ,   -
,              ,  
                
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       
             
    ,   ,    ,    
                   
:
1.   
                 
         -       ,
  ,     , -     
              ,  :
      
  
 
   
      
                
  
2.  
      -           , ,
 ,              ,
   -         
         
,       
,              
     
 ,     -    
3.     
          ,    ,  ,   
                  
                
      
                  
       
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4.  
               
" "        ,   
               ,
                
    
          '      
  
 
5.     
              
            '    
    
             ,    
              
  
 ,     ,      
6.     
               
      '       
    
         ,    
              
      ,          
        ?
                : ,
        , 
       
 
-          
1.  
        , ,    
 '                 
 ,           
          
               
             
-     
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Easy2Siksha
,                
   ,         
      
 ,    ,       
  
2.  
                   
       ,   , -    
        
,    '            
,     ,        
     -     -  ,
      
       - ,           
          ,      
         ,     ,    
    -  ,          
3.  
   ,          '  
               
               
  
                
                 
,          
   ,  .           
  '   
           
,              
  
       '  ,         :
1.  :             
        
2.   :         
  
  ,   '         ,   
 ,   '    '     
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3. - :    ,     , 
         ,        
         ,       ,
   

 

             ,  
               
    ,    ,      

,             ,     
,           ,        
    ,           
      ,      
-
5.             
:    
      ,   ' ,    ,  
        
  ,       
             
  
  ,        
    ,  (   )    
          () '        ,
           '        
  
    
                 
     ( )         
    ,   '   ,     
  ,   6
            , 
   '            
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  :  
             
           , -    
               
       ,      ,    
   ,     
    -    ,     , -  
      , ,        
           - -   
 () '              

  
        ,      
          ( -) ,   
           '    
              ,    
    
      ,     ()  
    ( )         ,
        
   , 16
         
              
            
   
               ,  
  , ,           
                
     
  ,     ,     , 
,          ,       
    ,     (    )   ( 
  ),              
   
    ,            
 ,       (  )        ,
21
Easy2Siksha
         ,      
      ,       -  
  
  ,    ,     ,      

    ,   -  -   ,  
            
   
              
      ,       ,   
,              
  ( 4
-6
 ..)      ,    
       
 ,    ,       ,     
   ,            
              
  

          ,    , 
         '    
         ,    
              ,
 ,             
         
            ,  
  '    ,         
   
22
Easy2Siksha
6.               
 
:,        ,    ,   
               
  ,   -      
  
      ,   ' ,    ,  
        
  ,       
             
  
  ,        
    ,  (   )    
          () '        ,
           '        
  
    
                 
     ( )         
    ,   '   ,     
  ,   6
            , 
   '            
  :  
             
           , -    
               
       ,      ,    
   ,     
    -    ,     , -  
      , ,        
           - -   
 () '              

  
        ,      
          ( -) ,   
           '    
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Easy2Siksha
              ,    
    
      ,     ()  
    ( )         ,
        
   , 16
         
              
            
   
               ,  
  , ,           
                
     
  ,     ,     , 
,          ,       
    ,     (    )   ( 
  ),              
   
    ,            
 ,       (  )        ,
         ,      
      ,       -  
  
  ,    ,     ,      

    ,   -  -   ,  
            
   
              
      ,       ,   
,              
  ( 4
-6
 ..)      ,    
       
 ,    ,       ,     
   ,            
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Easy2Siksha
              
  

          ,    , 
         '    
         ,    
              ,
 ,             
         
            ,  
  '    ,         
   
-
7.       -       
:   (1279 . ):
      '        13
  
        :
  :   -,     -   
    
 :    ,      
  :            '  
  :    '        
 
                 
 
2.    (1206-1526 :):
    ,       :
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Easy2Siksha
 :           
  
   :    '    , 
          
 :      '   
,        
 :      ,     
  
3.   (1336-1646 .):
  ,          :
 :    ,    -    
   
 : ,         
,     
 :          
  
  :          

4.  :
  ,          :
a)  ():
   (13
  )       

          
  " "     
b)   :
 ,   
 ,       
      ,        


        
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c)  :
   (  1200 .     )   
   
          
d) :
       
              
  
5.   (1526 .  ):
         :
    :   ,     ' -
     
 :             
 '    
 :   ,      ,
      
  :    ,  ,     
6.      :
   ,          
  :
 :         ,  
   
 :           
  
 :       ,      
 
7. 
  :
  ,   -      :
:         ,   
 
:       ,     
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 :   -       , 
      
8.   :
            :
 :,         
 :              

  :   '      , - 
            
:        ,  
    
9.      :
                
  :
-  : , ,     
   - - 
 :     ,        
   ,     
10.    :
        :
 : , ,         
  ,    '     
 : ,             
 :    ,          
11.  :
        :
  :         
 
    :            

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 :        , 
       
12.     :
           :
 :           
  
 : -           
13.    :
   -     :
  :-         
  ,      
  :      
     
 :-           
     
14.     :
         :
 :           
  
 :   ,         
   
 :   ,   '   ,     
      
15.   :
  ,            :
  :           ,   
          
   :  ,        
       
 , 1200              
           
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 ,             
               
              ,
    
 
                

                
         ,      
             '   
 
8.                

:  ,      "  "   ,  
,              ,   4

  6
  , ,       -  
            '  
               
  
   -
              
             
                
,    '       '  ,          
    ( )   ( )   
        ,       
     ,      ,     
                   , 
    ,         
   
1.  :      '  ,     
          ,     
    
30
Easy2Siksha
2.     :   ,   '  
,       ,          
             , 
     
 
3.   :      ,     
              
,    -   ,       
 
, 
         
4.     :          
           '   
 ()             
      ,          
()           
5.    ' :      
    
,          
                
   
,   , -           
      ,       
            ,    
     ,   ,        

1.   :       '    '   
      '   ,        
               
 ,           
 
2.  :         ,   
       ,    ,  
        '   '    
     
3.    :              
     ,        
    ,   40     ,     
    
4.    '   :        
   ,           
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   ,         
,   ,   -    
   
,   ,          
              
   ,               
     
1.   :       '     
               
      ,            
 ,              
 
2. - :           
                 
                 
      ,          
  
3.  : ,      ,   
        '   '     
                -
          
4.    ' :          
 ,         '   
    ,   ',   ,   -  
      
   
             ,    
               
 ,        
       
1.    :     '       
  , -     ,    (), 
                
  ,   ,         
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2.   :           
      ,          
        
3.    :           
          ,   
-       ,   ',    

     
4.       :        
    ,   '   ,   
         ,      
,           

           ,    
       - 
    
  ,           ,    
       
      ,   '    ,  
  '            
      ,      
 
 ,       ,        ,
               
    ,       ,  ,
       
:      Ai      ( )          
     , 
  '         